Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Located in Asia, Pakistan covers 770,875 square kilometers of land and 25,220 square kilometers of water, giving it its largest settlement. The beauty of Pakistan is a very vast and diverse landscape places from plains to deserts, forests, mountains, and plateaus from the coastal areas of the Arabian Sea to the hills of Karakoram in the north.

History of Pakistan

The Bay region was one of the fortresses of civilization. Ancient hunters lived on the Potohar plateau and in the Soan valley in northern Punjab 300,000 or more years ago. Excavations on the mountains of Balochistan show a very advanced culture that grew from 4000 to 2000 years ago. Kot Diji in Khairpur district, an ancient bronze tradition was developed during this period. These early civilizations reached their peak in the cities of the Indus Valley, of which Harappa is very popular. These communities learned about urban planning and graphic writing.

In 327 Alexander the Great invaded his army in Macedonia. Later, the Mauryans from India ruled the northern part of the Punjab, replacing the Greek Bactrian from Afghanistan and the Central Asian tribes. Different religions prevailed in: Buddhism (lower Mauryans), Hinduism and, in the eighth century Arab conquests, Islam.

Two major administrations emerged in the Arab empire, al-Mansurah and Multan. The Ghaznarid sultans flourished in the Punjab in the 11th century. The subsequent uprising of the Moghuls, originally from Central Asia, lasted from 1536 to 1707; their rule was temporary until 1857. They built a state of the art and the government had left a vast heritage in fortresses and fortified cities, gardens and gates, mosques and tombs.

In the early 17th century European traders arrived in the subcontinent. Through the East India Company, England had become the driving force. After the failed revolt against the British in 1857, the British took control directly. Gradually a national Muslim national emerged, renowned by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817–89). The All India Muslim League was formed in 1907.

As the subcontinent moved to independence, it became clear that the interests of Hinduism and Muslims could not be reconciled.

Pakistan was created, as an Islamic state, which parted from the British Empire in the United Kingdom, in independence in August 1947. The division was followed by a war with India over Kashmir and the mass migration of Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs to resettle the new borders, a riot that led to violence, financial loss and widespread death. With the arrival of Indian Muslims and the departure of Indians and Sikhs in Pakistan, Pakistan became almost a Muslim community. Jinnah, in honor of being a Quaid-i-Azam, or great leader, died in 1948.

It has been in military rule for a long time. Riaisel's first minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, was assassinated in 1951. In 1958, the law of war was declared and the political parties were abolished. General (later Field Marshal) Ayub Khan became President in 1960 and adopted a 'democratic system'. However, his failure to win the 1965 war against India and allegations of hate and corruption undermined his position. In the east, the Awami Association of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman addressed the concerns of the Bengali people. Ayub Khan resigned in 1969 and was overthrown by General Yahya Khan, who held the first national elections in Pakistan in December 1970.

The Mujib and Awami League won a majority vote in Pakistan's general election as a platform to demand greater autonomy in East Pakistan. At the same time Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of the People's Party of Pakistan (PPP) gained a majority in the West. Despite Mujib's success, he was prevented by Pakistani authorities from becoming joint prime minister and the Awami League after they issued their own plans for a new constitution for an independent east government. In the wake of the military interference, civil war broke out in the eastern region of 1971; Pakistani forces have regained back Bangladesh became an independent state. In 1972 Pakistan withdrew from the Commonwealth but retreated in 1989.

In a new constitution introduced in 1973, Bhutto became Prime Minister. He has conducted agrarian reforms and oversaw major industry and financial sectors. In July 1977 the army, led by General Zia ul-Haq, interfered with urban riots. Zia announced the laws of war and imprisoned Bhutto, who was convicted after a court charged with aplomb, and planning to kill someone from the opposite policy. Despite international appeals, they were hanged in April 1979. He took over the presidency and started an Islamic program. Martial law and political party restrictions were lifted in 1985, daughter Bhutto Benazir returned from deportation to lead the PPP while Zia died in an airplane accident in August 1988.

In the November 1988 election, PPP worked in partnership with the MQM. However, in October 1989 the MQM withdrew from the coalition and in August 1990 Bhutto was sacked by President Ghulam Ishaque Khan and accused of corruption. The National Assembly was dissolved and a conservative leader was installed until Islamic Jamhoori Ittehad, led by Nawaz Sharif, achieved significant victory in the October 1990 election. little.

In November 1996, President Sardar Farooq Khan Leghari, ousted by senior military and opposition leaders, used the 8th Amendment to dissolve the National Assembly, undermining the Bhutto government and in the process. accused of corruption, economic inactivity, and human rights violations. The new elections were held in February 1997. The Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) - formerly a major part of the Islamic State Jamhoori Ittehad - won 134 seats in the National Assembly, and Sharif became prime minister. The Pakistan People's Party's Bhutto had only 18 seats. In April 1997, Sharif was able to get the PPP support to reach the two-thirds necessary to repeal the eighth amendment, ending the President's power to dissolve the National Assembly. He also took over the president's ability to nominate Supreme Court judges and military commanders.

In October 1999, Sharif ordered the dismissal of Army Chief of Staff General Pervez Musharraf, and he refused permission to board a commercial aircraft to return to Karachi (official visit to Sri Lanka). The army opposed the prime minister's orders and immediately took power, ousting the government and arresting Sharif. Musharraf has identified his actions as necessary for economic recovery and a deteriorating political situation. Until the restoration of democracy, the Commonwealth of Cooperation (CMAG) co-operation group has banned Pakistan from federal councils.

Kashmir

India's dispute with Kashmir escalated dramatically in 1999, when militants supporting Pakistan's military crossed the Kargil Control Line and engaged in major battles with the Indian army. In July 1999, Pakistan finally agreed to leave the territory controlled by India, but the stability situation, compounded by a nuclear test in 1998 (India bombed five nuclear reactors on 11 and 13 May 1998 and Pakistan in response to six 28-30). May), insisted.

Invitation to Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee, 2001 President General Pervez Musharraf attended a meeting in India, which focused on their dispute with Kashmir. While there is no tangible result, the first face-to-face meeting between leaders of the two countries since 1999 is characterized by a renewed interest in both sides to find a solution to this long-standing problem. existed. However, since May 2002 India has organized a large army using the Control Line and both countries are on the verge of war again.

The crisis was significantly reduced in October 2002 when India reduced the number of its troops on the Continental Line; Diplomatic relations were restored in August 2003 and a ceasefire on the Control Line has been in effect since 26 November 2003. Peace talks between India and Pakistan began in 2004, marking a historic milestone. between the two countries. The talks led to the restoration of communications links and measures to build trust, including the combination of relief efforts following the October 2005 earthquake.

As a constitution, the Prime Minister is the adviser to the President of Pakistan on relevant issues and plays a vital role in appointing any department of military leadership as well as ensuring that military rule is passed through the joint governor. The powers of the Prime Minister have grown tremendously in a sensitive system of checks and balances in each branch. The position was absent from 1960-73 and 1977–85 because of the imposition of martial law. In each of these periods, the military forces led by the President have the power of the Prime Minister.

The position and current holder of this position is Imran Khan, who was elected to this position after the general election held in August 2018.

History of Politics

Pakistan's movement, as it is known, is based on the principle of two-state thinking, and aimed to build a separate nation for Muslims in South Asia. After independence, Liaquat Ali Khan became the first prime minister while Jinnah became the first deputy chairman.

Foreign Policy

Pakistan's foreign policy establishes the way it deals with foreign nations and determines its levels of integration with organizations, companies and individual citizens. It is supported by subsidized agricultural and industrial sectors. Foreign policy in the region includes defining national interests

Academic article

In 1949 after independence from the UK, Pakistan still maintains close ties to the country. Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan also made a historic and friendly visit to the United States, and held meetings with President Harry Truman and US military officials for the purpose of military aid.

Culture

Pakistani culture is very composed of many different ethnic groups: Punjabis, Potwaris, Kashmiris, eastern Sindhis, Muhajirs, Makrani in the south; Baloch, Hazaras and Pashtuns to the west; and the Diaspora, Waxi, Baltis, Shinaki and Burusho in the north. The culture of these ethnic groups in Pakistan has been greatly influenced.

Tourism

Pakistan is a blessed land with a rich history, diverse culture, higher education, and unparalleled natural beauty. From the relics of the famous communities of Gandhara and the Indus to the snowy lakes, the green valley, lakes and lakes of clear water. Tourism in Pakistan is an emerging industry.